Out-migration of adult male members of the households. The respondents were asked about out migration of adult male members of their households. Fig 3.7 reveals that adult male members of the majority of the household of the respondents migrate outside and it happens throughout the year. But it intensified during off-season (between the intervals of two agricultural crops). The reason of choosing off-season for migration is to earn some remittance during the period of seasonal migration. Migration of adult male members is highest (92%) in Banteay Meanchey and Siem Reap province compared to Battambang province (83%). These figures of migration are absolutely very high. Male members of respondent’s households in different provinces migrate to different places including international migration (to Thailand, Malaysia). International migration usually takes place for longer time, not only for off-season. This table shows the places of destinations where local people are likely to migrate.
Places of destination of migration of local people
| Sl. | Province | District | Place of destination |
| 1. | Battambang | Bovel | Poipet [most], Thailand [most], Phnom Penh, Provincial town |
| Rattanak Mondul | Thailand, Phnom Penh [most] | ||
| 2. | Banteay Meanchey | Thmar Pouk | Thailand [most, Poi Pet, Phnom Penh |
| Phnom Srok | Thailand, Battambang, Pailin, Koh Kong, Poi Pet, Siem Reap | ||
| 3 | Siem Reap | Angkor Thom | Provincial town, Thailand, Poi Pet, Malaysia, other villages |
| Soutr Nikum | Thailand, Poi Pet, Provincial town |
The migrants work in a variety of occupations in the places of their destination. The types of works they are engaged for depend on their occupational skills, scope of work [in the place of destination] and terms of conditions of work with the middle-persons involved. The full list of activities/occupations is given in the table below.
Types of works the immigrants do in the place of their destination
| Sl. | Province | District | Place of destination |
| 1. | Battambang | Bovel | Construction work [most], factory work, fishing, laborer, hotel and restaurant work, off-farm activities, domestic work, mechanics |
| Rattanak Mondul | Factory work, mechanic trainees, telephone repairing, mechanics. | ||
| 2. | Banteay Meanchey | Thmar Pouk | Construction work [most], factory work, laborer. |
| Phnom Srok | Construction work [most], laborer, factory work. | ||
| 3 | Siem Reap | Angkor Thom | Waste collection, factory work, fishing, hotel and restaurant work, domestic work, security guard. |
| Soutr Nikum | Construction work, hotel and restaurant work, fishing, laborer. |
The migrant workers encounter a number of problems in the place of destination. The common problems are labor exploitation, forced labor, delayed or no payment by employees, deception, and so on. The forms of problems are given in this table by province and district.
Forms and types of problems face by migrant workers in the place of their destination
| Sl. | Province | District | Place of destination |
| 1. | Battambang | Bovel | Labor exploitation [most], forced labor [most], delayed or no payment by employer [most], deceived, arrested by police (border police), lack of accommodation and sanitation facilities, insecurity. |
| Rattanak Mondul | Food scarcity, no money to pay for utility, low wages, insecurity, forced labor, labor exploitation | ||
| 2. | Banteay Meanchey | Thmar Pouk | Insecurity, deceived, arrested by Thai police, does not know whereabouts. |
| Phnom Srok | Labor exploitation, delayed or no payment by employer, insecurity, forced labor, lack of accommodation and sanitation facilities, arrested by Thai police. | ||
| 3. | Siem Reap | Angkor Thom | Insecurity [most], labor exploitation, delayed or no payment by employers, sickness, does not know whereabouts, forced labor. |
| Soutr Nikum | Insecurity [most], delayed or no payment by employers, labor exploitation, forced labor. |
The male migrants are exploited in non-sex forms as listed in the above. In the case of trafficking, the migrant workers are more subject to labor exploitation, forced labor and delayed or no payments by employers. But there is little discussion about non-sex trafficking and exploitation of male migrants. Their non-sex exploitations affect living and livelihood of family members of male migrants in their home back. The following section makes discussion on effects of migration of male members to the family members, particularly to the de facto female-head of the household.
Post a Comment